¸Æ¾Æ´õ´Â ¹ÌÁÖ¸® ÇÔ¿¡¼ ÀϺ»ÀÇ Ç׺¹À» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ µÚ º»±¹ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ ³²ÇÑÀ» Á¡·ÉÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Áغñ¿¡ Âø¼öÇß´Ù. ¸Æ¾Æ´õ¿¡°Ô ³²ÇÑ Á¡·ÉÀº ÀϺ» º»Åä Á¡·É¿¡ ºñÇØ Áö¿±ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ºÒ°úÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±ºÀº ³²ÇÑ¿¡¼ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ¸é¼ °ø»êÁÖÀǷκÎÅÍ ÁöÄѳ½´Ù´Â ¸ñÀûÀ̾úÁö¸¸ °á±¹ Çѹݵµ°¡ ³ÃÀü±â°£ µ¿¾È ¹Ì¼Ò°¡ Á¤¸é °Ýµ¹ÇÏ´Â ÇöÀåÀÌ µÇ°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù(Michael C. Sandusky, America's Parallel (Alexandria, Va.: Old Dominion Press, 1983. Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaii Press, 1985. Bruce Cumings, The Origins of the Korean War, 2 vols. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press, 1981-90.).
Çѹݵµ´Â ÅÂÆò¾çÀüÀï Á¾ÀüÀÌÀü ¹Ì±¹¿¡°Ô´Â Çѹݵµ´Â 1910³â ÀÌÈÄ ÀϺ»ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ ºÒ°úÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹Àº ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÁøÁÖ¸¸ °ø°ÝÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ Çѹݵµ´Â µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹úÀÎ ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ±º»çÀÛÀü¿¡¼ ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿´´Ù.
¹Ì±¹Àº ÅÂÆò¾ç¿¡¼ ÀϺ»ÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â Àü¼±À» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¸é¼ ¹Ý°Ý Áغñ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ±âÁö¿Í Åë½Å ü°è¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇßÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù(https://press.armywarcollege.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1734&context=parameters). Áßȹα¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ Àü·«Àº Áßȹα¹ÀÌ ¹Ì±ºÀÇ Å« µµ¿ò ¾øÀÌ °è¼Ó ÀϺ»°ú ½Î¿ì´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í Çѹݵµ´Â ¹Ì±º¿¡°Ô´Â ÀϺ» ¿µÅäó·³ Á¢±Ù ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ Áö¿ªÀ̾ú´Ù(Maurice Matloff, United States Army in World War II: The War Department: Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare 1943-1944 (Washington: Office of the Chief of Military History, 1959), p. 15.).
¡ã 1944³â 3¿ù ÀϺ»±ºÀÌ Àεµ ºÏµ¿ºÎ ¸¶´ÏÇÁ·ÎÀÇ ¼öµµ ÀÓÆÈ Áö¿ªÀ» °ø°ÝÇÒ ¶§ ºÙÀâÀº Àεµ±º ÀüÀïÆ÷·Î¸¦ ÃÑ°ÝÀ¸·Î »ìÇØÇÏ°í ÃÑ°ËÀ¸·Î Â°í ÀÖ´Ù |
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Çѹݵµ Àü·«, Á¾ÀüÀÌ °¡±î¿öÁö¸é¼ º¯È-ÁÖ¸Ô±¸±¸½Ä
ÅÂÆò¾ç ÀüÀï Ãʱ⠹̱¹ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀº Çѹݵµ¸¦ ÁÖ·Î Áß±¹ÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¸´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¾ÀüÀÌ °¡±î¿öÁö¸é¼ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Áö°í ±×¿¡ µû¶ó ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Çѹݵµ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ °³ÀÔÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀϺ»¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ð·ÂÀ» °¡Áß½ÃÅ°°í ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ºñ¿ë°ú Èñ»ýÀ» ÁÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ °ü¸®µéÀº ÀüÈÄ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ µ¿ºÏ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡ °³ÀÔÇؼ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ¸ç ¸¸¾à ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ÅÂÆò¾ç Àü¼±¿¡ °³ÀÔÇÑ´Ù¸é ¸¸ÁÖ, Çѹݵµ ½ÉÁö¾î ÀϺ» ¿µÅä ÀϺθ¦ Á¡·ÉÇÏ´Â »óÅ¿¡¼ ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³¯ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÀνÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù(¹Ì±¹ ±ººÎÀÇ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÀüÀï °³ÀÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åµµ´Â ÀüÈÄ ¹Ì±¹ Á¤ºÎ°¡ °ø°³ÇÑ °ø½Ä ¹®¼¿¡¼ ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù:US Department of Defense, The Entry of the Soviet Union Into The War Against Japan: Military Plans 1941-1945 (Washington: Department of Defense, 1955). For mid-level official American interpretations of Soviet intentions, see, for example, State Department Memorandum, "U.S.S.R. Aims in the Far East," 19 August 1943, in FRUS, The Conferences at Washington and Quebec, 1943, pp. 627-29; Memorandum Prepared by the Inter-Divisional Area Committee on the Far East, PWC-125/CAC-128, Korea: Occupation and Military Government: Composition of Forces, 29 March 1944, in FRUS, 1944, V, 1225-26; and PWC-124a/CAC-58a, Korea: Political Problems: provisional Government, 4 May 1944, ibid., 1239-41. For a persuasive interpretation of Soviet policy toward Korea, see Robert M. Slusser, "Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 1945-50: Stalin's Goals in Korea," in Akira Iriye and Ynosuke Nagai, eds., The Origins of the Cold War in Asia (New York: Columbia Univ. Press, 1977), pp. 127-38.).
¼Ò·ÃÀº À°»ó¿¡¼ ±º»ç ÀÛÀüÀ» Æì ½Å¼ÓÇÑ À̵¿ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇßÁö¸¸ ¹Ì±¹Àº ÅÂÆò¾çÀ̶ó´Â ¹Ù´Ù¿¡¼ ÀüÅõ¸¦ ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í À°Áö¿¡ »ó·úÀÛÀüÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÁøÀü ¼Óµµ°¡ ´À·È±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
·çÁƮ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº 1945³â »ç¸ÁÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ¼Ò·Ã°úÀÇ ÇùÁ¶°¡ ÀüÈÄ Ã³¸®¿Í ÆòÈ, ¾ÈÁ¤ÀÇ ÃßÁø¿¡ ±ä¿äÇÏ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±× °á°ú ½ºÅ»¸°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀDZ¸½ÉÀÌ Ä¿Á®°¡´Â »óȲ¿¡¼µµ ¼Ò·Ã°úÀÇ ÇùÁ¶ °ü°è¸¦ ÁõÁøÅ° À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×·¯¸é¼µµ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÀüÈÄ µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Á¶Ä¡µµ ÃëÇß´Ù.
·çÁƮ´Â ¼Ò·ÃÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¹ß¾ðÀ» ȸÇÇÇß°í ¿¬ÇÕ±º üÁ¦ÀÇ ÀüÀï ¼öÇà¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾àȽÃÅ°´Â ÇൿÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ·çÁƮ°¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÀüÈÄ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Ãà¼ÒÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÃëÇÑ ÇൿÀº ¡âÁß±¹À» µ¿ºÏ¾ÆÀÇ Çù·Â ÆÄÆ®³Ê·Î È°¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ ¡âÇÙÆøź °³¹ß °èȹÀ» ¼Ò·Ã¿¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁÖÁö ¾Ê°í ¡âÀüÈÄ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ÀÏ¿ø¿¡ ÁÖµÐÇÒ °èȹÀ» ºñ¹Ð¸®¿¡ ÃßÁøÇÑ °Í µîÀÌ´Ù(Dalleck, Franklin Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932-1945 (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1981), pp. 388-90, 533-34; John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1982), pp. 3-15).
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Çѹݵµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤Ã¥Àº ÀÌ»ó°ú °°Àº ±âÁ¶¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Á¶¼±ÀÎ µ¶¸³ ¿îµ¿°¡µéÀÌ Áß±¹¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Çѹݵµ ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇØ´Þ¶ó°í ¿Ü±³ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇßÁö¸¸ ¹Ì±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅºÎ´çÇߴµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¼Ò·ÃÀ» ÀÚ±ØÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°í Çß´ø Ãø¸éÀÌ °Çß´Ù.
¿¬ÇÕ±¹, Á¾Àü±îÁö Çѹݵµ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡ÀÇ ±¸Á¶³ª ¿î¿µ µî ÇÕÀÇ ¸øÇØ
·çÁƮ´Â Á¶¼±ÀÎ µ¶¸³ ¿îµ¿°¡µéÀÇ Çѹݵµ ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ ¼ö¸³ ¿ä±¸¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Çѹݵµ¸¦ µÑ·¯½Ñ ¼Ò·Ã°úÀÇ ´ëÄ¡¸¦ ȸÇÇÇϸ鼵µ ÀüÈÄ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¹Ì±¹, ¿µ±¹, Áßȹα¹, ¼Ò·Ã µîÀÌ Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â ±¹Á¦ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡ °èȹÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϴµ¥ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÁÖµµÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù(Sandusky, America's Parallel, pp. 10-11, 87-88; Matray, Reluctant Crusade, pp. 13-21; Cumings, Origin of the Korean War, I, 102-10).
1943³â 12¿ù1ÀÏ ·çÁƮ, óĥ, Àå°³¼® µîÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ Ä«ÀÌ·Î ¼±¾ð¿¡´Â Çѹݵµ¸¦ ÀûÀýÇÑ ÀýÂ÷¸¦ °ÅÃÄ ÇعæµÇ°í µ¶¸³Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ°Ú´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù(From the press communiqué, in FRUS: The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943, p. 566). ÀÌ ¼±¾ð¿¡´Â ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸ ±× Àǹ̴ īÀÌ·Î ¼±¾ð¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ 3°³±¹ Á¤»óÀÌ¿Ü¿¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ Âü¿©ÇØ 1943³â 11¿ù 28ÀÏ ¿¸° Å×Çì¶õ ȸ´ã¿¡¼ Çѹݵµ¿¡ ÀÏÁ¤±â°£ ¿ÜºÎÀÇ °¨µ¶À» ½Ç½ÃÇÑ´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀ» ½Ã»çÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¾ÀüÀÌ °¡±î¿ö¿Ã ¶§±îÁö ¿¬ÇÕ±¹Àº Çѹݵµ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡ÀÇ ±¸Á¶³ª ¿î¿µ µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ø½Ä ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù(Draft Memorandum to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Enclosure to SWNCC 176, "International Agreements as to Occupation of Korea," 22 August 1945, Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs, Office of the Director of Plans and Operations, Top Secret American-British-Canadian correspondence (hereafter ABC) folder ABC 014 Japan (13 Apr 44), Sec. 17A, RG 165, Entry 421, Box 31, NA. See also, Matray, Reluctant Crusade, pp. 38-41).
¹Ì±¹Àº 1944³â ÇϹݱ⿡ ÀϺ» ¿µµ ħ°øÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¸é¼ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÅÂÆò¾çÀüÀï °³ÀÔÀ» Çö½ÇÈÇÒ ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. 1944³â °¡À» ¹Ì±¹·¿µ±¹·¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ¿¹ºñȸ´ãÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵ǰí 1945³â 2¿ù ¿¸° ¾âŸȸ´ã¿¡¼ ½ºÅ»¸°Àº ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ µ¶ÀÏ°úÀÇ ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ½Â¸®ÇÑ 2-3°³¿ù µÚ¿¡ ÅÂÆò¾çÀüÀï¿¡ ÂüÀüÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù. ¾âŸ ȸ´ãÀº ¹Ì±¹·¿µ±¹·¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ¼ö³úÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ð¿© ³ªÄ¡ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è ´ëÀüÀÇ ÆÐÀü°ú ±× °ü¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÀÇ°ßÀ» ³ª´« ȸ´ãÀÌ´Ù.
¡ã 1945³â 3¿ù ¹Ì±ºÀÌ Çʸ®ÇÉ ÁߺΠºñ»ç¾ß Á¦µµ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÆijªÀ̼¶¿¡ »ó·úÇØ ÅÊÅ©¸¦ ¾Õ¼¼¿ì°í ÀϺ»±º ÁøÁö¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁø=À§Å°¹Ìµð¾î |
ÀÌ È¸´ã¿¡¼ ·çÁƮ¿Í óĥÀÌ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ ½ºÅ»¸°ÀÇ ÂüÀü Á¶°ÇÀº ³²ºÎ »çÇÒ¸°°ú Äí¸±¿µµ¸¦ ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ Á¡·ÉÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ÇÔ²² ¿Ü¸ù°íÀÇ Çö»ó À¯Áö, ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ´Ù·£ Ç×±¸¿Í ·ç»ê Çرº±âÁö Á¡°Å ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÁÖ Ã¶µµ ¿î¿µ±Ç µî À̾ú´Ù(Entry of the Soviet Union, pp. 36-37; "Agreement Regarding Entry of the Soviet Union Into the War Against Japan," 11 February 1945, in FRUS, Malta and Yalta, p. 984).
ÅÂÆò¾ç ÀüÀïÀÌ ¸·¹ÙÁö¿¡ À̸£ÀÚ Á¶¼±ÀÎ ÇØ¿Ü µ¶¸³ ¼¼·ÂÀº ÀüÀï ¼öÇà¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÒ ¹æ¾ÈÀ» ¹Ì±¹ ÂÊ¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ Á¶¼±ÀÎ ¸Á¸íÁ¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒÀÎÁ¤ Á¤Ã¥À» °í¼öÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ¹Ì øº¸±â°ü Àü·«»ç¹«±¹(OSS:Office of Strategic Services)¿¡¼ Çѹݵµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñ¹Ð ½É¸®ÀÛÀüÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÏÁ¤ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇØ ÇØ¿Ü ¸Á¸í Á¶¼±ÀεéÀ» Áß±¹¿¡¼ ÈƷýÃÄ×Áö¸¸ ÀϺ»ÀÌ Ç׺¹ÇÏ¸é¼ ±× ¾÷¹«°¡ ¼öÇàµÇÁö ¸øÇß´Ù(Gye-dong Kim, Foreign Intervention in Korea (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1993), pp. 9-17; R. Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency (Berkeley: Univ. of California Press, 1972), pp. 26, 280-82; Kim Ku, Paekbom Ilji: Kim Ku Chasojon (Memoirs of Paekbom: Autobiography of Kim Ku) (Seoul: Tongmyongsa, 1960), pp. 347-50).
¹Ì Àü·«»ç¹«±¹Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Ã¸º¸ ±â°üÀ¸·Î Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è ´ëÀü ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¸¸µé¾îÁ³´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ±â°üÀÌ ¹ßÁ·ÇÑ µÚ ±¹¹«ºÎ, À繫ºÎ, Çرº°ú ±¹¹æºÎ µî ÁýÇà °è¿ÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºÎ¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÇ¾ú´ø øº¸ ¾÷¹«°¡ ÅëÇÕó¸® µÇ´Â ü°è¸¦ °®Ãè´Ù.
1945³â º½ ¹ÌÅÂÆò¾ç»ç·ÉºÎ´Â ÀϺ» º»Åä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó·úÀÛÀüÀÌ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù°í º¸°í ÀϺ» ÃÖ³²´Ü¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±Ô½´ ¼¶À» 1945³â 11¿ù, È¥½´ ¼¶À» 1946³â 6¿ù °¢°¢ »ó·úÇÒ °èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù(John Ray Skates, The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb (Columbia: Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1994), pp. 2-7. Skates provides the most complete examination of the plans for the proposed invasion of Japan to date. See also Wayne A. Silkett, "Downfall: The Invasion that Never Was," Parameters, 24 (Autumn 1994), 111-20).
¹Ì±ºÀº ´ç½Ã Çѹݵµ¸¦ ±Ô½´ ´ë½Å ħ°øÇÒ °èȹÀ» Àá½Ã °ËÅäÇß´Ù Áß´ÜÇß´Ù. Çѹݵµ ¹Ì±º »ó·úÀº ±Ô½´º¸´Ù ¹Ì±º Èñ»ýÀÚ°¡ ´õ ¸¹À» °Í °°¾Ò°í ´õ¿íÀÌ °Å¸®°¡ ´õ ¸Ö´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¹ÌÅÂÆò¾ç»ç·ÉºÎ´Â Çѹݵµ¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¾Æ½Ã¿¡ ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ ÀüÀïÀ» ¹úÀÌ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
1945³â 6¿ù ¹ÌÅÂÆò¾ç»ç·ÉºÎ´Â Æ®·ç¸Õ ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ º¸°íÇß´Ù(Minutes, "JCS Meeting with President," 18 June 1945 in Entry of the Soviet Union, pp. 77-85). “¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ´ë·ú¿¡¼ ÀϺ»±ºÀ» ¸ô¾Æ³»±â À§Çؼ´Â ¿ì¸®´Â ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ¸¸ÁÖ(ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °æ¿ì Çѹݵµ Æ÷ÇÔ)¿¡¼ ÀϺ»±º°ú ½Î¿ö¾ß ÇÏ°í Áßȹα¹ ±º´ë¸¦ ¹Ì±ºÀÌ °øÁß Áö¿ø µîÀ¸·Î È°¼ºÈÇؼ ÀϺ»±ºÀ» Àڱ⠿µÅä¿¡¼ ¸ô¾Æ³»¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.”
¡ã 1945³â ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ¿ÀÅ°³ª¿Í »ó·úÀÛÀüÀÌÈÄ ¹Ì Çغ´´ë°¡ Àü»çÇÑ ÀϺ»±º ½Ã½Å °çÀ» Áö³ª°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. »çÁø=À§Å°Çǵð¾Æ |
¡ã 1945³â 3¿ù10ÀÏ ¹Ì±ºÀÇ µµÄì ´ë°ø½ÀÀ¸·Î »ç¸ÁÇÑ ÀϺ» ¹Î°£ÀÎ ½Ã½Åµé. ´ç½Ã ÀϺ»ÀÎ 10¸¸ ¸íÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. »çÁø=À§Å°Çǵð¾Æ |
¹Ì±¹, ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÅÂÆò¾çÀüÀï °³ÀÔ µæ½Ç °è»ê
¹ÌÅÂÆò¾ç»ç·ÉºÎ´Â ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ °³ÀÔÀÌ À¯¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°í ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸ ¾âŸ ȸ´ãÀÌÈÄ ¹Ì¼Ò µÎ ³ª¶ó °ü°è°¡ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ¾ÇÈµÇ¸é¼ Å©°Ô ºÎ°¢µÇÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ·çÁƮ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ 1945³â 4¿ù 12ÀÏ »ç¸ÁÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ µîÀåÇÑ Æ®·ç¸Õ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ¼Ò·Ã¿¡ ´ëÇØ °°æ ³ë¼±À» ÃëÇÑ °Íµµ ¹Ì¼Ò°ü°è¸¦ ¸Ö¾îÁö°Ô ÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹Ì¼Ò°£ Á¤Ä¡Àû °ü°è´Â ±º»çºÎ¹®¿¡µµ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÄ 1945³â Áß¹Ý ¹Ì±¹Àº ´ëÀÏÀü ¼öÇà¿¡¼ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÇùÁ¶¸¦ ±¸ÇÏ´Â ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ÌÅÂÆò¾ç»ç·ÉºÎ´Â ¼Ò·Ã¿¡ ¿¬¶ô°üÀ» ÆÄ°ßÇÏ·Á´ø °èȹ°ú ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ¿¡ ºñÇàÀåÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÒ °èȹÀ» Ãë¼ÒÇÏ°í ¼Ò·Ã¿¡ ÅÂÆò¾çÀ» ÅëÇÑ ¹°ÀÚ º¸±Þ °èȹÀ» ¿¬±âÇß´Ù(JCS 924/15, Report by the JSP, "Pacific Strategy," 25 April 1945 in Entry of the Soviet Union, p. 67; JCS 1313/1, Revision of Policy with Relations to Russia," 23 April 1945, JCS 1313/2, same subject, 23 April 1945, and other documents in OPD 336 Top Secret (Case 132), "Implementation of Agreements with the Russians," RG 165, Entry 419, Box 144, NA; John R. Deane, Strange Alliance: The Story of Our Efforts at Wartime Co-operation with Russia (New York: Viking Press, 1947), pp. 262-65).
1945³â 5¿ù ¹Ì ±¹¹«ºÎ Àå°ü Áö¸íÀÚÀÎ ¿ä¼Á ±×·ù´Â ¹Ì±¹ ÀüÀï ¹× ÇرºÀå°ü¿¡°Ô ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ÅÂÆò¾çÀüÀï¿¡ ÂüÀüÇÒ °æ¿ìÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇظ¦ ¹¯´Â ¼¸é ÁúÀǼ¸¦ º¸³» ‘¾âŸȸ´ã ÇÕÀÇ »çÇ×À» ÀÌÇàÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÇѹݵµÀÇ Çعæ°ú µ¶¸³, ±×¸®°í Çѹݵµ°¡ ÇعæµÈ Á÷ÈÄ 4°³±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇϱâ·Î ÇÑ ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» È®ÀÎÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù’°í Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀüÀï ¹× ÇرºÀå°üÀº ´äº¯¼¸¦ ÅëÇØ ‘¼Ò·ÃÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÃëÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû Çൿ°ú °ü°è¾øÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ½Ã±â¿¡ ÅÂÆò¾çÀüÀï¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ï´Â´Ù’¸ç ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹Ì ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô °ÇÀÇÇß´Ù(Joseph C. Grew, Turbulent Era: A Diplomatic Record of Forty Years, 1904-1945, ed. by Walter Johnson assisted by Nancy Harvison Hooker, 2 vols. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1952), II, 1454-59).
“¹Ì±¹Àº ¾âŸȸ´ã°ú °ü·ÃÇØ Á¤Ä¡Àû Áö·¿´ë¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ±º»çÀû Çൿ°ú °ü°è¾øÀÌ ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ÀÚü ±º»çÀû ¿ª·®À¸·Î ±º»çÀû ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ÀϺ»±ºÀ» ¹°¸®Ä¡°í »çÇÒ¸°°ú ¸¸ÁÖ, Çѹݵµ Áß±¹ ºÏºÎ¸¦ ¹Ì±º¿¡ ¾Õ¼ Á¡·ÉÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÀÇÇâÀ» ¹¯´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ È¿°ú°¡ Å©Áö ¾Ê´Ù Çصµ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ´ÙÁüÀ» ¹Þ´Â ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷½º·´´Ù.”
¹Ì±¹, ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ Çѹݵµ, ÀϺ» Á¡·É ¿ì·ÁÇÏ´Ù ÇÙ¹«±â °³¹ß ¼º°øÀ¸·Î Àڽۨ °¡Á®
1945³â 5¿ù ¹Ì±¹ Ư»ç Çظ® ȩŲ½º°¡ Æ÷Ã÷´ãȸ´ã¿¡ ¾Õ¼ ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çß´Ù. ȩŲ½º´Â ½ºÅ»¸°°ú Çù»óÇØ Çѹݵµ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¾È µîÀ» È®º¸ÇßÁö¸¸ ±Í±¹Çؼ Æ®·ç¸Õ ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô ´ÜÁö ‘½ºÅ»¸°Àº Çѹݵµ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡¸¦ Áßȹα¹, ¿µ±¹, ¼Ò·Ã°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ½Ç½ÃÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇß´Ù’¸¸ º¸°íÇß´Ù(23 May 1945, with enclosure, "Recommended Amendments to be Used as a Basis for Exploratory Conversation and in Light of Accompanying Memorandum," in FRUS, 1945, VII 878-87. Hopkins' report is in message, "Hopkins to President," 29 May 1945 in Entry of the Soviet Union, pp. 72-73).
Çѹݵµ ½ÅŹÅëÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇؼ´Â Å« Ʋ¸¸ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾úÀ» »Ó ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ½ÇÇà °èȹ µîÀº ¿¬ÇÕ±¹°£¿¡ ³íÀǵÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í 1945³â 7¿ù ¿¸° Æ÷Ã÷´ãȸ´ã¿¡¼µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù. 1945³â 7¿ù ¿¸° ¹Ì±¹°ú ¼Ò·Ã ÇÕµ¿Âü¸ðº»ºÎ ȸ´ã¿¡¼ ¾çÃøÀº ¼Ò·ÃÀÌ ÅÂÆò¾ç ÀüÀï¿¡ ÂüÀüÇßÀ» °æ¿ì µÎ ³ª¶óÀÇ ÀÛÀü ¿ªÇÒ ºÐ´ã¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³íÀÇÇߴµ¥ °Å±â¿¡´Â Çѹݵµ ÁÖº¯¿¡¼ °ø±º°ú Çرº °£ ÇùÁ¶¹®Á¦µµ Æ÷ÇԵƴÙ. ±×·¯³ª ±× ÈÄ ¿¸° Æ÷Ã÷´ã ȸ´ã¿¡¼ ¿¬ÇÕ±¹ ¼ö³úµéÀº Çѹݵµ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³íÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù(Minutes, "Tripartite Military Meeting," 24 July 1945 in FRUS, Potsdam, II, 351-52; Minutes, "Meeting of Chiefs of Staff of U.S. and U.S.S.R.," 26 July 1945, ibid., pp. 410-11. The only reference to Korea in the talks among the political leaders appears in "Thompson Minutes of the Sixth Plenary Meeting," 22 July 1945, ibid., p. 253).
±×·¯³ª ¿ö½ÌÅÏ°ú ¹ÌÅÂÆò¾ç»ç·ÉºÎ µî¿¡¼ Çѹݵµ¿¡ Áß´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ »çÇ×µéÀÌ °áÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·± °áÁ¤ÀÌ ³»·ÁÁø ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹Ù·Î ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÇÙ¹«±â °³¹ß¿¡ ¼º°øÇ߱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹Àº ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ Çൿ°ú ÀÇÇâ¿¡ ¿ì·Á¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´ø »óȲ¿¡¼ Æ÷Ã÷´ãȸ´ã Á÷Àü ÇÙ¹«±â ½ÇÇè¿¡ ¼º°øÇØ ÀڽۨÀ» È®º¸ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀϺ»Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÀϺ» º»Å並 ħ°øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »óÅ¿¡¼ Ç׺¹ÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Ä¿ ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ Çѹݵµ¿¡ ¹«Ç÷ ÀÔ¼ºÇÒ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¿¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Æ®·ç¸Õ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº 1945³â 7¿ù23ÀÏ ¿øÀÚź ½ÇÇèÀÌ ¼º°øÇß´Ù´Â º¸°í¸¦ ¹Þ°í ÀüÀï Àå°üÀ» ºÒ·¯ Á¶Áö ¸¶¼È ¹Ì±¹ À°±º¿ø¼ö¿¡°Ô ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ÅÂÆò¾ç ÀüÀï Âü¿© ÀÇÇâÀ̳ª ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÀϺ» Á¡·É¿¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ Áö¿øÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑÁö ¿©ºÎ¸¦ È®ÀÎÇϵµ·Ï Áö½ÃÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¶¼È ¹Ì À°±º¿ø¼ö´Â ‘¼Ò·Ã±ºÀº ¸¸ÁÖ ±¹°æ¿¡ Áý°áÇØ ÀÖ¾î ¾î´À °÷ÀÌµç °ø°ÝÇÒ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀϺ»ÀÌ Ç׺¹ÇÒ °æ¿ì ¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ´Ù ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù’´Â ½ÅÁß·ÐÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù(Henry Lewis Stimson Diaries, Monday, 23 July 1945, LI, 34-35 (microfilm edition, reel 9), Manuscripts and Archives, Yale Univ. Library, New Haven, Conn).
7¿ù24ÀÏ ¼Ò·Ã±º ÃÖ°í»ç·É°üÀÌ ¸¶¼È ¹Ì À°±º¿ø¼ö¿¡°Ô ‘¹Ì±ºÀÌ Çѹݵµ ÇØ¿ª¿¡¼ ÀϺ»±ºÀ» »ó´ë·Î ÀÛÀüÀ» Àü°³ÇØ ¼Ò·Ã±ºÀÌ Çѹݵµ¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÒ ¶§ È£ÀÀÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú´À³Ä‘°í Áú¹®Çß´Ù. ¸¶¼È ¹Ì À°±º¿ø¼ö´Â ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°ÀÌ ´äº¯Çß´Ù(Minutes, "Tripartite Military Meeting," 24 July 1945, and minutes, "Meeting of Chiefs of Staff of the U.S. and U.S.S.R.," 26 July 1945, in FRUS, Potsdam, II, 351-52, 410-11. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs by Harry S. Truman, I: Year of Decisions (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955), p. 383).
“¹Ì±¹Àº ¹Ì±ºÀÇ ±Ô½´ ħ°øÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö Çѹݵµ¸¦ °ø°ÝÇÒ À°ÇØ°ø±º ÇÕµ¿ÀÛÀü °èȹÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹Ì±º ÇÔÁ¤ÀÌ ÀϺ»ÇØ¿¡¼ ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÀÚ»ìƯ°ø´ëÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ³ëÃâµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¹Ì±ºÀÇ °ø°ÝÇÔÀ» ±Ô½´ »ó·úÀÛÀü¿¡¼ »©³» ÅõÀÔÇØ¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.”
7¿ù26ÀÏ °ø±º°ú Çرº ÀÛÀü °æ°è°¡ È®Á¤µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª À°»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëÃ¥Àº ¼¼¿öÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Æ®·ç¸Õ ´ëÅë·ÉÀº ÈÄ¿¡ ‘À°»ó ÀÛÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ°è¼±ÀÌ È¹Á¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Âµ¥ ÀÌ´Â ¹Ì±º ÁöÈÖ°üµéÀÌ Çѹݵµ¿¡¼ ÀÛÀüÀ» Àü°³ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù’¶ó°í ±â·ÏÇß´Ù. Æ®·ç¸ÕÀº ´ç½Ã À°»ó °ø°Ý ÀÛÀü ÀÇÇâÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹Ì±¹Àº ¼Ò·Ã±º ÃÖ°í»ç·É°ü°ú ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸¶¼È ¿ø¼ö°¡ ÇÕµ¿ÀÛÀü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³íÀǸ¦ ÁøÇà½Ãų ½ÃÁ¡¿¡¼µµ Çѹݵµ¿¡ ±º»çÀÛÀü ¾øÀÌ ¹«Ç÷ ÀÔ¼ºÇÒ ÀÛÀü°èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹Àº ¼Ò·Ã¿¡°Ô ºñ¹Ð·Î ÇÑ Ã¤ ÇÙ¹«±â¶ó´Â ½ÅÁ¾¹«±â¸¦ °³¹ßÇÏ¸é¼ ¼º°ø Á÷ÀüÀÇ ´Ü°èÀÎ °ÍÀ» °è»êÇÑ °á°ú¿´´Ù.
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